From swill milk to certified milk: progress in cow's milk quality in the 19th century.
نویسنده
چکیده
BACKGROUND Industrialization and urbanization jeopardized infant nutrition during the 19th century. Cow's milk was produced in the cities or transported long distances under suspect conditions. Milk was contaminated with bacteria or adulterated with water, flour, chalk and other substances. When distilleries proliferated in the metropoles, their waste slop was fed to cows which then produced thin and contaminated swill milk. SUMMARY Following a press campaign in the USA, the sale of swill milk was prohibited by law in 1861. Bacterial counts became available in 1881 and helped to improve the quality of milk. Debates on pasteurization remained controversial; legislation varied from country to country. Disposal of the wastewater of millions of inhabitants and the manure of thousands of cows was environmentally hazardous. It was not until 1860 and after several pandemics of Asiatic cholera that effective sewage systems were built in the metropoles. Milk depots were established in the USA by Koplik for sterilized and by Coit for certified milk. In France, Budin and Dufour created consultation services named goutte de lait, which distributed sterilized milk and educated mothers in infant care. MESSAGE Multiple efforts to improve milk quality culminated in the International gouttes de lait Congresses for the Study and Prevention of Infantile Mortality.
منابع مشابه
Determination of aflatoxin M1 levels in raw milk samples using ELISA and high-performance liquid chromatography in Qazvin, Iran
Use of raw milk and dairy products containing aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) has led to concern inconsumers. The present study determined the AFM1 in raw cow's milk in Qazvinprovince. In this research, 170 raw cow's milk were collected from dairy farm, dairyfactories, milk collection centers, and milk supply centers in Qazvin province during coldseasons in 2013, and all samples were examined for AFM1. The...
متن کاملحساسیتزدایی خوراکی در کودکان مبتلا به آلرژی به شیر گاو: کارآزمایی بالینی آیندهنگر
Background: Cow's milk protein allergy (CMPA) is the most common food allergy during the first year of life. Strict avoidance of specific foods is the only accepted treatment for food-induced allergic reactions. This is often an unrealistic therapeutic option, since cow's milk is a basic food that is extensively used in infant formula. The recent preliminary experience of oral desensitization t...
متن کاملIodine Determination in Raw Cow's Milk in Iran
Iodine is an essential trace element in the human diet. The following work presents the latest information concerned with iodine determination in raw milk, in Iran. Iodine content of milk was determined by Sandell-Kolthoff method where the samples were taken from Holstein dairy cows, in Shahrkord, the central part of Iran. Thirty six samples were taken from transportation tanks in semi industri...
متن کاملSpecific IgE and skin prick tests to diagnose allergy to fresh and baked cow’s milk according to age: a systematic review
BACKGROUND The diagnosis of IgE-mediated cow's milk allergy is often based on anamnesis, and on specific IgE (sIgE) levels and/or Skin Prick Tests (SPT), which have both a good sensitivity but a low specificity, often causing positive results in non-allergic subjects. Thus, oral food challenge is still the gold standard test for diagnosis, though being expensive, time-consuming and possibly at ...
متن کاملQualitative Aspects of Protein in Human Milk and Formula: Amino Acid Pattern
Since analytical data on the different composition of human milk and cow's milk became available at the beginning of this century, human milk has always been the gold standard for creation of infant formulas. When it became evident that cow's milk contains three times the protein concentration of human milk, the first steps of protein adaptation consisted in dilution of cow's milk at a 1:1 rati...
متن کاملذخیره در منابع من
با ذخیره ی این منبع در منابع من، دسترسی به آن را برای استفاده های بعدی آسان تر کنید
برای دانلود متن کامل این مقاله و بیش از 32 میلیون مقاله دیگر ابتدا ثبت نام کنید
ثبت ناماگر عضو سایت هستید لطفا وارد حساب کاربری خود شوید
ورودعنوان ژورنال:
- Annals of nutrition & metabolism
دوره 64 1 شماره
صفحات -
تاریخ انتشار 2014